Free Essays on B.F. Skinner’s Walden Two

B.F. Skinner’s Walden Two On the first day of the visit by the author’s group of six to the utopian community, Walden Two, there is a brief break from the lecture/tour given by the community’s founder, Frazier. The narrator and his friend, Castle, the intellectual academics with an interest in political science and public administration, immediately begin to inquire into the mode of government with which the members of the commune manage their affairs. Frazier describes the scheme of the â€Å"Board of Planners†, three men and three women who are invested with broad powers, both in policy formulation and in the judiciary of Walden Two. Frazier tells the visitors that the Planners serve for ten-year terms, reviewing the work of the â€Å"Managers† who actually carry out policy decisions. One of the visitors innocently inquires into the selection process: â€Å"How do you choose your Planners?† said Rodge. â€Å"The Board selects a replacement from a pair of names supplied by the Managers.† â€Å"The members don’t vote for them?† said Castle. â€Å"No,† said Frazier emphatically. (Page 48) Frazier goes on to explain that the Planners are the guiding geniuses of the project, and the Managers the managerial specialists who carry out their programs. The bellicose Castle glumly remarks that the members have â€Å"no voice whatsoever† in the decision making process, to which Frazier replies, â€Å"Nor do they wish to have.† (Page 49) The fate of democratic government in the utopian world depicted in behaviorist B.F. Skinner’s imaginative work, Walden Two, might well trouble the visitors, and indeed the readers of the book. The commune which the narrator Burris (Skinner’s first name) visits with his friends is the dream and the accomplishment of one man, Frazier, who has drawn nearly one thousand enthusiastic adherents to his idyllic rural setting with the promise of a sane, happy, efficient existence. At Walde... Free Essays on B.F. Skinner’s Walden Two Free Essays on B.F. Skinner’s Walden Two B.F. Skinner’s Walden Two On the first day of the visit by the author’s group of six to the utopian community, Walden Two, there is a brief break from the lecture/tour given by the community’s founder, Frazier. The narrator and his friend, Castle, the intellectual academics with an interest in political science and public administration, immediately begin to inquire into the mode of government with which the members of the commune manage their affairs. Frazier describes the scheme of the â€Å"Board of Planners†, three men and three women who are invested with broad powers, both in policy formulation and in the judiciary of Walden Two. Frazier tells the visitors that the Planners serve for ten-year terms, reviewing the work of the â€Å"Managers† who actually carry out policy decisions. One of the visitors innocently inquires into the selection process: â€Å"How do you choose your Planners?† said Rodge. â€Å"The Board selects a replacement from a pair of names supplied by the Managers.† â€Å"The members don’t vote for them?† said Castle. â€Å"No,† said Frazier emphatically. (Page 48) Frazier goes on to explain that the Planners are the guiding geniuses of the project, and the Managers the managerial specialists who carry out their programs. The bellicose Castle glumly remarks that the members have â€Å"no voice whatsoever† in the decision making process, to which Frazier replies, â€Å"Nor do they wish to have.† (Page 49) The fate of democratic government in the utopian world depicted in behaviorist B.F. Skinner’s imaginative work, Walden Two, might well trouble the visitors, and indeed the readers of the book. The commune which the narrator Burris (Skinner’s first name) visits with his friends is the dream and the accomplishment of one man, Frazier, who has drawn nearly one thousand enthusiastic adherents to his idyllic rural setting with the promise of a sane, happy, efficient existence. At Walde...

Biography of Tarquin the Proud, Etruscan King of Rome

Biography of Tarquin the Proud, Etruscan King of Rome Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (died 495 BCE), or Tarquin the Proud, ruled Rome between 534 and 510 BCE and was the last king the Romans would tolerate. Tarquinius despotic reign earned him the title Superbus (proud, haughty). The flaw in Superbus character- he combined a great deal of ambition with a wealth of family treachery in his background- eventually led to the end of the Etruscan rule over the city of Rome. Superbus was a member of the Tarquin Dynasty, dubbed the Great House of Tarquin by Romes historian Livy, but the spotty, intrigue-riddled reign was hardly a dynasty. The Tarquins were one of several Etruscan chiefs, including the Tarchu, Mastarna, and Porsenna, who in turn usurped Romes throne with little chance to found genuine dynasties. Cicero sketched the Tarquin history in his Republica  as an example of how easily good government could degenerate. Fast Facts: Lucius Tarquinius Superbus Known For: The Last Etruscan king in RomeAlso Known As: Tarquin the ProudBorn: Year unknown in RomeFather: Lucius Tarquinius PriscusDied: 495 BCE in Cumae, RomeSpouse(s): Tullia Major, Tullia MinorChildren: Titus,  Arruns, Sextus, Tarquinia Early Years Superbus was the son or possibly the grandson of Tarquinius Priscus and son-in-law of the previous Etruscan king Servius Tullius. The exact date of Superbus birth is unknown. Ciceros text suggests that Superbus and his future wife Tullia Minor killed their respective spouses, Arruns Tarquin and Tullia Major, before murdering Servius Tullius and bringing Superbus to power. There are no historical records for this period in Roman history: Those records were destroyed when Gaul sacked Rome in 390 BCE. What scholars know of the Tarquin history are legends written down by the much later Roman historians Livy, Cicero, and Dionysius. Superbus Reign After ascending the throne, Superbus embarked on a campaign of expansion early in his reign, waging war against the Etruscans, Volci, and Latins. His victories helped cement Rome’s status as an important power in the region. Superbus also signed Rome’s first treaty with Carthage and completed construction of the massive Temple of Capitoline Jupiter. He also used forced labor to extend the Maxima drainage system, an important water-and-sewer system in ancient Rome. Revolt and the New Republic A revolt against the corrupt Etruscans was spearheaded by Tarquin the Prouds nephew Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucretias husband Tarquinius Collatinus. In the end, Superbus and all of his family (ironically, including Collatinus) were expelled from Rome. Along with the end of the Etruscan kings of Rome, the power of the Etruscans over Latium weakened. Rome replaced the Etruscan rulers with a Republic. Although there are some who believe there was a gradual transition to the consul system of the Republic, the Fasti Consulares list the annual consuls straight after the end of the regal period. Legacy Classical scholar Agnes Michels and others have suggested that the text Livy, Dionysius, and Cicero used to describe the events of the Tarquin Dynasty has all the earmarks of a classic tragedy, or rather, a trilogy of plays with the moral theme of cupido regni (kingdom of lust). Superbus legacy of court intrigue and scandal led to the end of the Etruscan rule of Rome. It was Tarquin the Prouds son, Tarquinius Sextus, who raped the Roman noblewoman Lucretia. Lucretia was the wife of his cousin Tarquinius Collatinus, and her rape brought about the end of Etruscan rule. Lucretias rape was scandalous on several levels, but it came about because of a drinking party during which her husband and other Tarquins argued over who had the most beautiful wife. Sextus was at that party and, aroused by the discussion, came to the virtuous Lucretias bed and forcibly raped her. She called her family to demand revenge, and when they didnt deliver, she committed suicide. Sources Gantz TN. 1975. The Tarquin Dynasty. Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte 24(4):539-554.Michels AK. 1951. The Drama of the Tarquins. Latomus 10(1):13-24.Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Tarquin.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 4 Apr. 2018.Cartwright, Mark. Lucius Tarquinius Superbus.  Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 03 Mar 2017. Web. 17 Mar 2019.

Humen Resource Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Humen Resource Managment - Essay Example It is not uncommon to find views that are categorically different from the ones that were made and what we believe in could be belied by taking up a different perception. For every view, there is always a string of arguments to support the cause and there by reinforce the thought process. Similarly the case under question, namely, the union issue with the Universities for a rise in the salary levels may be taken up and studied. Differing actors and stakeholders in the issue would only be offering different perception to the same story or rather same history. When this incident is revisited, it is found that the earliest newspaper reports bank on the issue that the students' assessments are affected and the students are going to have hard time because of the staffs of the university and their 'unilateral' strike decisions. It is also found that the villains of the show, were asking for a rise in the salary when everybody 'thought' that they always were better paid and enjoyed a more stable and 'no pressure' life style. The strike and the pay rise were both looked at as the ones caused because of their inherent 'greediness' that went with the people's aim to make more money and live like their business counterparts. Secondly, the university is a service and it cannot be viewed as a profit making exercise for the universities! While so, how can the staff of the university expect a rise that is not commensurate with the rate of change in the living conditions of the community (BBC News 21 Apr 2006) Thirdly, the university staffs already had a higher and more comfortable pay scale. Therefore, they found that the rate of rise in the following years was not in line with the inflation rates in the country. The radical view Once the views of a multitude of stake holders are included in the perception, the views of the staffs are also included (Simon Felton 10 Apr 2006). This view would throw open the following: The villains The Vice Chancellors The Problem Unknown reasons of the employers Motive Only to reduce the cost to the Universities. Credit To the employers. In this case, all the credit for holding on to the salary levels of the staff went to the vice chancellors and the employers. Fixed qualities Complacency, indifference and recklessness Emotions Suffering of the students and delayed assessments. The radical view on the other hand, specifies that the vice chancellors of the universities had acted as villains. They had not responded to numerous requests in the last twenty years to improve the salary levels

The main dangers of using mergers or acquisitions as a form of market Essay

The main dangers of using mergers or acquisitions as a form of market entry - Essay Example Mergers or acquisitions may be defined as an aspect of corporate finance or strategy and management that involves buying, selling and combination of various companies.The objective of combining is to finance or assist a company that is growing to grow fast without forming another business entity. The two terms have a slight difference, on one hand, acquisition may refer to a company taking over another and establishing itself as a new owner. On the other hand, merger occurs when two companies agree to operate as one new company. As suggested by Turner and Johnson (2010), in both cases, that is merger and acquisition the outcome is that one company swallows another and operates as one. For instance in 1999, Glaxo Wellcome merged with SmithKline Beecham creating GlaxoSmithKline as a new company. Practically, equal mergers do not often happen, in most cases a company purchases another and allows it claim that it was equal merger, despite the fact of it being technically acquisition. How ever merges or acquisitions are said to have several risks when used as the entry to the market. Mergers and acquisitions have the tendency of destroying continuity of leadership in the particular company’s management. This might happen for even over a decade since the starting of the deal. Studies have shown that the targeted companies may lose about twenty percent of their executives prior the acquisition. Mergers and acquisitions in most cases create problems in the brand. ... The issue different consumer preferences may also be endangered by M&A. This occurs when upcoming company chooses to change the products. Changes may also occur in terms of price of product. One of the motives of M&A is to make the prices higher hence maximizing profits. The risk involved is that the consumer may change their attitude and fall to consume the products. This in turn endangers the growth of the company. The resulting company is faced with the risk of operation after the transaction as suggested by Segal-Horn and Faulkner (2010). For instance the personnel management may become slow because it is either new employees are incorporated or the existing ones become overloaded. The personnel department usually takes long to adapt to the changes thus proofing a slow growth in the progress of the new business. The effect on personnel therefore makes market entry not to be effective. The management of information and risks is also dangerous factor in M&A. The previous ways of tr ansferring information may seem difficulty as a result of new workers or overload. The resulting company may become exposed to many risks due to the merger whilst the method of managing them may take long to devise. The cost of risk management may also be high at the time of market entry. This is dangerous because at this time the company is still trying to cope with the current situation. According to Deresky (2003), cultural differences and barriers proof to be dangerous to M&A in market entry. For instance, the lack of knowledge about the resulting market may be a danger to the resulting company or firm. The market may respond negatively to the merger thus result to poor sales. This will cost a lot to the new company as one of the merger

American Express Quality Management Marketing Essay

American Express Quality Management Marketing Essay Problem Statement- American Express using Quality Management to Excel in a Highly-Competitive Niche Market. Business Executive Exclusive Perks Card from U.S. Express (The BEEP Card) Do we launch with current levels of Business commitment in the field? Organizational Background American Express is a diversified global financal services company that was founded just prior to the American Civil War. It is best known for its business line of charge cards, travelers checks, and in fact, holds about 25 percent of the total credit card transactions in United States, largely because of its perks and programs focusing on American business (Chenault, 2009). American Express does not really sell anything tangible. Yes, they have some merchandise, but their primary focus for the consumer is to get as many American Express cards into the hands of qualified customers as possible. Money is generated through the fees charged to retailers and credit card clearing houses. But, American Express is essentially branded as a service-oriented business topnotch service that customers receive in their interaction with all U.S. Express staff (Bihlmier, 2002). One of the reasons American Express has been so successful to date, despite the ups and downs of the economy, is its focus on customer experience and branding that experience into something that feels tangible, even though it is not tangible. They have done this through enhancement of the customer experience from initial contact through final payment, tagging celebrities for endorsements, and branding the experience (McCarthy, 2005; Davis, 2010; americanexpress.com). Thus, for many businessmen, American Express is more of an experience they can call the company 24/7, 365 days per year in an emergency, have funds delivered or charges authorized by phone; they can received discounts on hotels, car rentals, meals, and even special events. Being an American Express member has its perks. And, with the new BEEP card, specifically designed for that upper echelon of corporate executive, the experience offered will be even more customized and special. Literature Review Even with billions in global assets, however, American Expresss business model is tied to the economic pulse of the business world. As one of the top rated charge cards for business and corporate use, the fiscal crises of the last few years has negatively impacted the company, and in November 2008, American Express won Federal Reserve System approval to covert its operation to a bank holding company, which made it eligible for government subsidies under the Troubled Assets Relief Program, which, at that time consisted of over $127 billion (Lanman, 2008). This troubling trend was serious enough for the Fed to waive its typical 30-day waiting period, and was the result in credit-card holders failure to repay loans at almost twice the rate of 2007. Indeed, one of the major strategic weaknesses of American Express is its tie to the economic health of the global financial markets American Express following the trends by posting several quarter profit declines even with some segments showing upturns. Given the continued volatility in the financial markets, we want to be best positioned to take advantage of the various programs the federal government has introduced. We will [also] continue to build a larger deposit base to broaden our funding sources (CEO Kenneth Chenault, Ibid). American Express is a large enough company, with core values in banking, financial services, travel, and corporate/personal credit and charge cards. They have a Strategic Planning Group that operates consulting services to management of all its business units, and also services as a conduit for executive level recruiting. (American Express Strategic Planning Group). The business model for American Express consists of several major sections, (See Figure 1) with the top grossing centers: 1) Discount Revenue from card transactions (53%); 2) Interest from card member lending services (revolving charge cards) (13%); 3) Fees from cards, travel, and other holding feeds (23% combined) (American Express Summary, WikiInvest). American Express acknowledged that 2008 was a tough year and that they are tied very closely with the spending patterns of businesses and executive cardholders in particular, the dismal performance of both the 2007 and 2008 Holiday seasons in luxury goods. Additionally, the impact of the ENRON, Arthur Anderson, and even Automobile Industry issues may force additional oversight and regulation upon American Expresss financial services division. Tactically, the company has instituted several short- and mid-range solutions to improve its financial volatility: 1) Adjust models in lending to reduce high-risk, cancel certain accounts, reduce lines of credit, and limit new cardmembers; 2) Manage risk to improve profits; 3) Enhancing services for businesses and cardmembers experiencing difficulty in order to prevent defaults (2008 Annual Report, p. 5). Strategically, the company has decided on the actions of: Reengineering Control of costs, cut back spending in every area of the business; increase efficiency and reduce or eliminate activities that were not supporting the companys highest priorities, including the elimination of 10% of the global workforce (7,000 jobs). Benefits of $1.8 billion are expected as a result of this reengineering. Partnerships Forging new Co-Branded partnerships in key international markets, primarily in the Far East and Australia. Signing 13 new partnerships and launching 130 new products with banks that issue American Express-branded cards globally. Servicing Improving servicing aspect and offering more opportunities than competitive products this resulted in earning the J.D. Power and Associates Customer Satisfaction Award. Business partnerships Even in a down economy, partnerships with businesses will continue to help American Express grow its revenue partnering in the B2B aspect will improve the ready income, while continuing to provide greater incentives for additional partnerships. (Ibid, p. 8). American Express has been through recessionary times before, and has emerged even stronger utilizing its core values and strategies. Marketing And Advertising On of the key factors in the improvement of American Express in the market is the continual thrust of its brand. American Express has taken branding to a new level one who has moved from the outmoded mold of 1960s marketing, humorously described in the III Series MADMEN,  [1]  to a more centered approach that makes every employee, essentially, a brand manager: American Express. American Express does not actually sell anything tangible. Yes, they have some American Express merchandise, but their primary focus for the consumer is to get as many American Express cards into the hands of qualified customers as possible. Money is generated through the fees charged to retailers and credit card clearing houses. But, American Express is essentially branded as a service-oriented business top notch service that customers receive in their interaction with all American Express staff (American Express Joe Bihlmier interview, 2002). American Express has done this w ith a few simple, yet very powerful, changes to its business paradigm: Customer Contact Every step of the American Express experience has been refined to be different and competitive from all other credit and charge card companies. Employees are highly trained, speak English in a professional manner, and rather than take the offensive on certain situations, begin the discussion with the customer as the #1 priority. Accuracy of Statement American Express statements are double and triple checked for accuracy, with an ease of back up data available at a moments notice. Since American Express realizes that most use is for business, they have organized their statement into categories that make it easier for the employee to report. Business Cards American Express wants large businesses, and has made it easier for company employees to receive cards and generate only their receipts back to the company. American Express will customize reports, by employee and category, for larger companies accounting management, and for some, even deliver it electronically based on their individual needs. Ease of Disputing a Charge Again, American Express assumes the client is right, and with a simple phone call, will act as an advocate for any unauthorized charges (AmericanExpress.com). Utilizing celebrities as role models Instead of having a celebrity simply pitch a product, American Express has taken two different views of improving its brand using celebrities. The celebrities actually USE the product, their names are printed on the card, and not only are they shown in their particular field of expertise (e.g. Tiger Woods, Robert DiNero, etc.), but the company has ads that play off popular archetypes (e.g. the movie CaddyShack, etc.) (McCarthy, 2005). Differential Branding Now, not only does American Express offer the Gold and Green cards, but a blue and red card, with different cards supporting credit customers (as opposed to charge customers), and the Product RED, which supports the fight against Aids, and other environmental causes. For example, one AmEx commercial shows a sexy model near a traditional Masai warrior; the model holds the RED card and says, It doesnt make you feel so guilty about spending your money! (American Express, 2007). Thus, for many businessmen, American Express is more of an experience they can call the company 24/7, 365 days per year in an emergency, have funds delivered or charges authorized by phone; they can receive discounts on hotels, car rentals, meals, and even special events. Being an American Express member, has its perks (See Appendix A Examples of American Express Branding). American Express seems to excel at creating the strategy from the outside in, rather than the typical product management idea of inside out this strategy has shown an increase in brand recognition, whether or not those consumers utilize the product at present. Thus, that recognition, as the population ages and is able to afford participating in the American Express experience is more of a marketing investment strategy, long-term, than it is a complete short-term blip (Atstiel, 2005). The Problem/Challenge The design and conformance quality are both strategic management issues that, for a company with a demographic like American Express, are vital for the success of their product. For a merchant, American Express is significantly more expensive than MasterCard or Visa, takes longer to be reimbursed, and has less flexibility in discount rates. Instead, it is the very design and conformance (value of the product and the degree to which product promises and specifications are realized) in the marketplace that makes it even worthwhile to merchants. In many cases, corporations use only American Express, and thus their employees are motivated to use that card, typically billed directly to the home office, without the same necessity for reimbursement and TE Expense Reporting. Because American Express already invested in POP materials, already shipped those materials to its list of businesses who accept the card, the key clearly was not whether the marketing folks at Ame rican Express had done their job. They had but only partially for all the collateral in the world is for naught if it is not posted, thrown away, or put into storage. That being said, the metrics of Six Sigma, and the defined error acceptance helped American Express hone in on the root of the problem regarding POP and the research behind it, as well as a means to mitigate the situation. Simply put, the current research was simply not working in terms of identifying the issues surrounding use of the card in small businesses. Opportunities/Recommendations American Express hired a research vendor to call on businesses to uncover what POP materials were being used, why or why not, and how these materials could translate into an increase value relationship for the consumer and business. Unfortunately, the data uncovered by the research vendor was fraught with inaccuracies: from poor call rates to a disconnect in research opportunities that, in fact, worked contrary to the needs of the company in providing a service to its business clients. American Express uncovered two primary causes for this disconnect by shadowing the vendor and putting principles of Six-Sigma into place to find a potential set of solutions. The two primary causes for the unacceptably high uncallable rate for American Express research were a disconnect between time of research and store hours and the ability of the research to identify individual businesses that were in compliance with American Express POP requirements. Both resulted in a loss of time and money, an unacceptable error rate, and considerable redundancy (returning to recheck). However, the research vendor was given the list by American Express. When the business signed up with American Express, they not only listed the type of business (e.g. retail, restaurant, etc.) but also their hours and days of operation. A simple Boolean search would have provided the research firm a sort of appropriate businesses and an adjustment of hours. Six Sigma already asks for statistical checks to be mad e when viewing data, had the methodology been in place within the marketing research area, the initial disconnect would not have occurred. It was not incumbent upon the vendor to know details about the client beforehand. Further, operating in a Six Sigma manner would have put a more robust vetting upon the research project prior to placing it into the field. In addition, the research protocol should have been written so that the purpose of the visit was plain to the vendor analysis of POP. If the analysis was possible without actually visiting the business (e.g. viewing the POP on the door or register), redundancies would have been eliminated (Hayler and Nichols, 2007, 55-9). Still, Six Sigma is a tool, it is not an edict. Like many tools, it is dependent upon two things: 1) How it is used, and 2) The quality of the data. Six-Sigma was originally designed for use by Motorola in the early 1980s. It was put in place in order to not only uncover, but to solve, certain manufacturing processes that were not working appropriately. It improved the company by defining a clearly focus on measurable issues that could be quantified and linked to profitability. It also increased an emphasis on managements commitment to utilizing the strategic planning system to actually implement a cause-effect relationship within the manufacturing model. However, when all the bells and whistles come off, and all the statistical data and measurement are broken down, the model is really a quality improvement template. It is not designed for any subjectivity and often fails to take into account that margin of error is different on divergent products and services (e.g. a surgical instru ment or medical device should have a lower rate of error than a new hardback novel). Further, some of the standards are arbitrary and force management to plug in data (as in the American Express market research). That being said, it is both possible to overanalyze certain ineffectual data; in other words, making certain Six Sigma data more important than it really is to ROI. However, it does effectively help management identify areas of needed improvement, of inefficiency, and of redundancy (Prasad, 2009, 32-40). Conclusions Such market gurus as Warren Buffet continues to invest in American Express and believe that it is a solid company with a solid business plan. American Express does have weaknesses, but because the do not offer tangible products, their success or failure in the marketplace is a result of their continual ability to get consumers and businesses to use their products. They have established a global service sector, they have established an extremely strong brand, they have established recognition that is top within its industry, and almost top in the era of advertising; the perception of the card remains positive; but the company is faced with an uncertain few years while the economic downturn changes globally. Luckily, the company is well-positioned to handle the slowdown, stakeholders seem patient to allow the company to restructure and refocus, and the strategic plan remains solid (Hagstrom, 1997; Evans, 2005). ? Six Sigma is a tool, it is not an edict. Like many tools, it is dependent upon two things: 1) How it is used, and 2) The quality of the data. Six-Sigma was originally designed for use by Motorola in the early 1980s. It was put in place in order to not only uncover, but to solve, certain manufacturing processes that were not working appropriately. It improved the company by defining a clearly focus on measurable issues that could be quantified and linked to profitability. It also increased an emphasis on managements commitment to utilizing the strategic planning system to actually implement a cause-effect relationship within the manufacturing model. However, when all the bells and whistles come off, and all the statistical data and measurement are broken down, the model is really a quality improvement template. It is not designed for any subjectivity and often fails to take into account that margin of error is different on divergent products and services (e.g. a surgical instrument or medical device should have a lower rate of error than a new hardback novel). Further, some of the standards are arbitrary and force management to plug in data (as in the American Express market research). That being said, it is both possible to overanalyze certain ineffectual data; in other words, making certain Six Sigma data more important than it really is to ROI. However, it does effectively help management identify areas of needed improvement, of inefficiency, and of redundancy. In the case of American Express- the Six Sigma model did uncover redundancy and most certainly does point to the need to expand and develop new market segments, thus a nswering the question of launching a new product piece into the marketplace.

My Best Holiday Celebration Essay

  Syria is a mixture of cultures , it combines between Christians and Muslims , as 30% of the population is Christians and the rest is Muslims ; people in this country celebrate together the same holiday festivities whereas Christians have many holiday celebrations such as the head of the year , and Muslims have two per a year such as ead feter and ead adha . And one of the best holiday celebrations ever was ead feter which we celebrate it for many reasons. One major reason of this holiday is to break the fast after thirty days without eating from the sunrise till sunset . And during this thirty days , people sit together sharing a large dinner then they watch many series and competitive programs on the TV . Moreover , most of them stay awake till evening telling each other stories and comics , and as Islamic people share the celebration of the head of the year with Christians , also Christians people share the dinner and the celebration with them. Furthermore , the important part of this celebration is the communication between families, whereas after this thirty days all the members of every family should visit each other, and across the generations the older instructs the younger , and the younger enlivens the older. In the same way , even who are unconnected by blood they should at least call each other on the phone and say hello , such as friends or neighbors. Another reason is to remind rich people to donate the poor people by many ways . For instance , there is something called Zakat which is mean that people should donate 2.7% of their money account for poor people by hand instead of philanthropic organization .In addition, neighbors exchange each other (rich people to poor people) the food they made to make close relations gather together. Other important reasons exist , but in conclusion ,I can tell from this celebration that the familiarity and the intimacy between all the members of the society such as friends even different religions , families , and neighbors all in all can be stronger and closer much more than any days during the year.

Bureaurcracy Pathologies Essay - 933 Words

There are many pathologies present in the American bureaucracy and bureaucratic agencies. The major pathologies are red tape, conflict, duplication, imperialism, and waste. Each of these pathologies had at least some sort of roots in the case of the 9/11/01 terrorist attack. Had these pathologies not been prominent in the pre-9/11 bureaucratic government, it is very likely that our intelligence communities would not have failed to detect the terrorists. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The first and quite possibly the most prominent pathology is known as the red tape pathology. Red tape results from all of the complex rules and procedures that must be done in order to get anything done. Although these rules and procedures are often necessary†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another pathology is known as conflict. Conflict between different agencies exists because some agencies seem to be working at cross-purposes with other agencies. Conflicts usually occur when certain agencies have very different goals from other agencies, and those opposing agencies set up opposing stipulations or give opposing advice. Conflict often gets in the way of letting agencies get done what they need to get done, and this was also the case for agencies before the attacks on 9/11. For example, because the DCI and the intelligence community (such as the Department of Defense) often had conflicting immediate interests, the two did not work wel l together and did not prevent the attack. Also, some agencies wanted looser security for airlines in order to gain revenue, so the aims of those advocating security were ignored. Because of the common tendency of one agency to block out another with its own interest, such as was the case in the 9/11 attacks, conflict between agencies often stops necessary action from getting done. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;An equally dangerous pathology present in bureaucracy today is what is known ad duplication. Duplication involves two government agencies seem to be doing the same thing, and thus wasting time and money. Oftentimes, if the two agencies were working on more specific and at least separate things, more will get done and more people will be satisfied. Duplication was aShow MoreRelatedBureaurcracy Pathologies953 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many pathologies present in the American bureaucracy and bureaucratic agencies. The major pathologies are red tape, conflict, duplication, imperialism, and waste. Each of these pathologies had at least some sort of roots in the case of the 9/11/01 terrorist attack. Had these pathologies not been prominent in the pre-9/11 bureaucratic government, it is very likely that our intelligence communities would not have failed to detect the terrorists. The first and quite possibly the most